May 26, 2013

The Vietnam War

 

ASVG-S-1031-65/AGA68 RVN Saigon Viet Cong dead... 

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The US has been involved in several wars since its formation. Every war has its impact on the social, economic and political make up of the country. Most of the time, the repercussions of the wars were directly correlation to the power that the opposition held. However, the Vietnam War was different. Although fought against a relatively underdeveloped nation, the war cost America dearly in both, monetary terms as well as the number of lives lost.

 

The Vietnam War was the result of America’s support for South Vietnam and it’s so called socialist government against the communist government of North Vietnam. The South Vietnamese government, however, was corrupt and dealt with the common public with tyrannical methods. Hence, the general public of South Vietnam supported the North in what they considered was an American War against their homeland.

 

Fought between 1957 and 1975, the war was expected to be a one sided affair. The South Vietnamese government was supported by the well armed American troops. Although the North Vietnam troops were aided by Chinese intelligence and weapons, they mainly fought a guerilla war. This is where America lost the war. Battles were fought in forested terrain not known to American soldiers. Even though techniques such a Napalm bombing was used by US forces, it resulted in too many civilian deaths when compared to military casualties.

 

The US administration faced several public protests at home as questions were raised about the motive behind the war with millions believing that the war was an unnecessary interference in foreign affairs. After America lost the war, even the veterans returning home didn’t receive a hero’s welcome until much later.

 

Events That Led to The Vietnam War

 

 

Ho Chi Minh portrait in c. 1946. This is a gif... 

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Vietnam was controlled by the French during the pre-World War II era. After the French were defeated in 1940 by the Germans, they formed a coalition with Japan to rule colonies of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. However, the Viet Minh was formed in 1941 to seek independence from France and later took up the same cause against the Japanese. They were supported in this struggle by America and China who wanted to alleviate the region from the control of the Axis Powers. Japan assumed full control in 1945.

 

This was followed by a period of extreme famine caused by natural conditions as well as gross exploitation at the hands of the Japanese administration. Over 1 million of the 10 million Vietnamese population died of starvation between 1944 – 1945. The Viet Minh’s popularity and its numbers grew. The Ho Chi Minh led group attained freedom for Vietnam on 2nd September 1945 and this was supported by the Japanese.

 

The Allied powers, US, UK and the Soviet Union agreed that the region should be under French control. The ousted Viet Minh began a guerilla war and were strengthened with weapons in 1949 by China. The US government, convinced of that the region was at the center of a communist expansion, began aiding French Vietnamese soldiers.

 

By 1954, the United States had supplied 300,000 small arms, spent US$1 billion and was shouldering 80 percent of the cost of the war. The French eventually lost and Vietnam was granted independence in 1954. However, Vietnam was temporarily divided as North Vietnam (Communist) and South Vietnam (Anti-communist) with elections to form a unified government to be held in 1956.

 

Consequences of the Vietnam War

 

Original caption: Twentieth Century  

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The Vietnam War lasted for 30 years and had dire consequences for both, America as well as Vietnam. However, these consequences where not short lived. Some had long lasting effects on the society, economy, politics and foreign policy. The war led thousands of Americans to question their own countries approach towards conflicts on foreign shores as well the level of risk it takes when partaking in such wars. It also raised several questions on how these wars were conducted and the morality of troops sent to fight wars on foreign soil.

 

The war changed the way people thought of their own troops and the effects a war had on the well being of the soldiers and their families. The death toll of its own troops or the scores of civilian deaths has not prevented the US from intervening in international conflicts. The government struggles to balance the economy and appease tax payers, it also continues to wage wars on foreign shores. As President Bush jr. aptly named the American warfare method of ‘Shock and Awe’, the US avoids using ground troops in combats, preferring massive, if inaccurate, air strikes to eliminate.

 

Civilian casualties incurred during such strikes continue to be called collateral damage. Billions of dollars continue to be spent on developing weapons and defense technology that could as easily be used in an offensive. In all likelihood, the primary focus of warfare in the future will be North Korea, Iran and Pakistan, with an increasing Neo-Cold-War with China. American involvement in the Middle East crisis will remain at the same level, if not increase, over the next few years.